名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它是从句,因此具有句子的特点,有主、谓成分;同时又具有名词性特点,所以可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
一、引导词 what 与 that 的区别
引导主、宾、表语从句时,what 要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分,that 不作任何成分,而只在语法上起连接作用。例如
_________ we can’t get seems better than _________ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that
C. That; that D. That; what
解析:本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句,且两个从句都缺乏宾语,可见两个引导词都必须充当从句的宾语,所以答案为 A 项。
在下面的例句中,that 不充当任何成分,只起语法连接作用(因为句子本身不缺成分):
That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.
二、引导词 whether 和 if 的区别
通常,引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时,连词要用 whether,而不用 if ;习惯上也只能说 whether or not,而不说 if or not .例如:
_________ the meeting will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If
C. Whether D. That
解析:题中的从句位于句首,不难知道这是一个主语从句,根据句意,答案为 C 项。但假如宾语或主语从句为否定句时,只能用 that,不能用 whether 引导。如:
That you don’t like him is none of my business.
三、名词性从句的语序
与别的从句一样,名词性从句必须用自然语序,即使在疑问句中,从句也不倒装(而在主句上倒装)。例如:
No one can be sure _________ in a million years.
A. what man will look like
B. what will man look like
C. man will look like what
D. what look will man like
解析:由于从句不能倒装,所以答案只能选 A 项。同时还须留意,从句的引导词必须始终置于句首。
四、 who / whoever,what / whatever 等的区别
一般说来,what / who 等含特指意义,而 whatever,whoever 等含泛指意义。例如:
It is generally considered unwise to give a child _________ he or she wants.
